The shape a fall leaves behind

What does failure cost, and what does it give? Ask the question carefully: the same event can ruin one life and remake another.

The injury we do to ourselves

Some of these passages ask what wrongdoing does to the person responsible. That inward reckoning matters, but it does not outweigh the harm done to others or the work of repair. "Whatever a hater may do to a hater, or an enemy to an enemy, a wrongly-directed mind will do us greater mischief."^[1] The Dhammapada returns to this image again and again — the wheel following the foot of the ox, the tree whose root, uncut, will sprout again.^[2][3] Failure, in this reading, is metabolized. It enters the body of the person who fails.

The Gita names the mechanism: people "ensnared / In nooses of a hundred idle hopes, / Slaves to their passion and their wrath" buy what they want "with base deeds, to glut hot appetites."^[4] The appetite is satisfied; the snare tightens. "There is no fire like passion, there is no shark like hatred, there is no snare like folly, there is no torrent like greed."^[5] And — crucially — no one else can undo the damage. "By oneself the evil is done, by oneself one suffers; by oneself evil is left undone, by oneself one is purified. Purity and impurity belong to oneself, no one can purify another."^[6]

The rabbis put the same observation in gentler grammar: "transgression leads to another transgression."^[7] A failure is rarely a single event. It is a doorway, and the room beyond it has more doors.

The mirror turned around

Why, then, is failure so hard to see in ourselves? The Dhammapada is almost cruelly accurate here: "The fault of others is easily perceived, but that of oneself is difficult to perceive; a man winnows his neighbour's faults like chaff, but his own fault he hides, as a cheat hides the bad die from the gambler."^[8] We are practiced cheats with ourselves.

The first instruction across nearly every tradition collected here is therefore the same: turn the mirror around. "Let each man direct himself first to what is proper, then let him teach others."^[9] The Qur'an states it with stark economy: "a man shall be the eye witness against himself."^[10] The Johannine letter: "If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us."^[11]

What is striking is that this is not framed as humiliation but as relief. Marcus Aurelius, who could have luxuriated in the dignity of being emperor, writes: "If anybody shall reprove me, and shall make it apparent unto me, that in any either opinion or action of mine I do err, I will most gladly retract. For it is the truth that I seek after, by which I am sure that never any man was hurt; and as sure, that he is hurt that continueth in any error, or ignorance whatsoever."^[12] To be shown wrong is, on this view, to be rescued. The wound is in the continuation, not the correction.

The reckoning that arrives

There is a harder note in the canon, one a modern reader may flinch from: the idea that failure is not random, that deeds return to the doer. The Qur'an is unflinching here. "For its own works lieth every soul in pledge."^[13] "For his own good only shall the guided yield to guidance, and to his own loss only shall the erring err; and the heavy laden shall not be laden with another's load."^[14] And the bleakest image: the one who, at the hour of death, will say, "Lord, send me back again, / That I may do the good which I have left undone." The answer is one word. "By no means."^[15]

Pirkei Avot, characteristically, holds a paradox open rather than resolving it: "Everything is foreseen yet freedom of choice is granted, And the world is judged with goodness; And everything is in accordance with the preponderance of works."^[16] You are free; you are also accountable; the world is, somehow, judged with goodness. The traditions do not always agree on the mechanics. They agree that something is being weighed.

But against this stands a verse from Ecclesiastes that any honest person who has watched the world will recognize: "the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all."^[17] Sometimes the failure was not earned. Sometimes the deserving lose. Let both verses stand. The canon does not always smooth itself.

Reaching too far

A particular kind of failure preoccupies the Taoists: the failure of strain. "He who stands on his tiptoes does not stand firm; he who stretches his legs does not walk (easily)."^[18] "It is better to leave a vessel unfilled, than to attempt to carry it when it is full. If you keep feeling a point that has been sharpened, the point cannot long preserve its sharpness."^[19]

This is failure as overreach — the project ruined by the excess of effort that meant to perfect it. The Tao Te Ching observes, in a line every founder and every parent should have framed: "People in their conduct of affairs are constantly ruining them when they are on the eve of success. If they were careful at the end, as (they should be) at the beginning, they would not so ruin them."^[20] The most painful failures often arrive in the last mile, when the work was almost done and we relaxed our care, or pressed too hard, or could not bear to wait.

The Qur'an delivers the same warning in a different register: "walk not proudly on the earth, for thou canst not cleave the earth, neither shalt thou reach to the mountains in height."^[21] And Lao Tzu, surveying his age, identifies what comes of giving "up gentleness and are all for being bold; economy, and are all for being liberal; the hindmost place, and seek only to be foremost." The end of all of which, he says simply, is "death."^[22]

Words the deeds do not catch up to

There is a quieter failure the Analects keep returning to: the gap between what we say or know and what we actually do. "He who speaks without modesty will find it difficult to make his words good."^[23] "To see what is right and not to do it is want of courage."^[24] Confucius reserves his sharpest disappointment for those who agree with good advice and never let it touch their conduct: "If a man be pleased with these words, but does not unfold their aim, and assents to those, but does not reform his conduct, I can really do nothing with him."^[25]

The image he returns to is of a mound being raised one basket of earth at a time. "If there want but one basket of earth to complete the work, and I stop, the stopping is my own work."^[26] No villain has intervened. No catastrophe. The failure is precisely the stopping. From the rabbis, an adjacent warning: "Study is not the most important thing, but actions; whoever indulges in too many words brings about sin."^[27]

Trouble as a teacher

And yet — and this is where the chorus shifts key — none of the traditions treat failure as a final verdict. Job, who has every right to bitterness, says only: "man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward."^[28] It is constitutive of being human, not a sign one has been singled out.

Marcus, writing to himself in the cold of a military camp, reframes the inner sentence we tend to deliver in the first moment of bad news: "Oh, wretched I, to whom this mischance is happened! nay, happy I, to whom this thing being happened, I can continue without grief; neither wounded by that which is present, nor in fear of that which is to come."^[29] He is not pretending the event is good. He is locating happiness somewhere the event cannot reach. Elsewhere he uses the image of medicine: as a physician prescribes riding to one patient, cold baths to another, "so it is alike to say, The nature of the universe hath prescribed unto this man sickness, or blindness, or some loss, or damage." We accept such prescriptions, he says, "in hope of health, and recovery," even though "in themselves shall we find to contain many harsh things."^[30]

The Epistle of James pushes further: "count it all joy when ye fall into divers temptations; Knowing this, that the trying of your faith worketh patience."^[31] This is a harder saying than it looks. It does not say pretend to be joyful. It says the trial is doing something — patience is being made — and the doing is itself a kind of good. Whether one believes that or not is a separate question. The claim is on the page.

When you are knocked out of tune by a hard event, Marcus advises, "return unto thyself as soon as may be, and be not out of tune longer than thou must needs."^[32] The instruction is not never fall out of tune. It is come back quickly.

What comes after

Which is the last thing the canon wants to say about failure, and the most generous: there is an after. "For a just man falleth seven times, and riseth up again."^[33] The just person is not the one who does not fall. The just person is the one who gets up. Proverbs elsewhere: "He that covereth his sins shall not prosper: but whoso confesseth and forsaketh them shall have mercy."^[34] The concealment is what damns; the naming is what frees.

The psalmist, who knew himself a failure of a particular and grievous kind, prays: "Create in me a clean heart, O God; and renew a right spirit within me,"^[35] and elsewhere goes further, inviting the very examination most of us spend our lives avoiding: "Search me, O God, and know my heart: try me, and know my thoughts: And see if there be any wicked way in me, and lead me in the way everlasting."^[36] The Qur'an records the cry of Jonah from inside the fish — "There is no God but thou: Glory be unto Thee! Verily, I have been one of the evil doers" — and the laconic next line: "So we heard him and rescued him from misery."^[37]

Luke's image is the smallest and the largest: a father seeing his ruined son a long way off, running. "For this my son was dead, and is alive again; he was lost, and is found."^[38]

Marcus, in a line that might be the most useful sentence in the Meditations for anyone who has failed and not yet started over: "Most justly have these things happened unto thee: why dost not thou amend? O but thou hadst rather become good to-morrow, than to be so to-day."^[39] And: "to change thy mind upon occasion, and to follow him that is able to rectify thee, is equally ingenuous, as to find out at the first, what is right and just, without help."^[40] To be corrected is not a lesser thing than to have been right from the start. It is the same kind of thing.

The texts disagree on much — on whether the universe is just, on whether suffering has a teacher behind it, on whether one can be cleansed from outside or only from within. Several offer the possibility of beginning again. That possibility depends on circumstances, support, and time as well as intention; difficulty recovering is not another moral failure.

Questions for the reader

• What is a failure you have not yet been willing to name as your own — and what would it cost to name it?
• Looking back at a fall that shaped you: was it the falling that taught you, or the getting up? Are they separable?
• Is there a correction someone has offered you that you assented to in words but never let touch your conduct? What would it look like to begin, today, the smaller version of changing?