Opening the book…
Opening the book…
Explore how different traditions approach the same question, from the oldest texts to the screen and the present day. Connections suggest similarities in meaning, not proven influence. Dates describe broad periods of a tradition, rather than the age of each passage.
“What is something you used to believe about love that you no longer believe? What changed your mind?”
Affection, commitment, and the daily practice of caring.
Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, the Psalms, the Sermon on the Mount, and the parables. Foundational to Western moral language.
“Beloved, let us love one another: for love is of God; and every one that loveth is born of God, and knoweth God. He that loveth not knoweth not God; for God is love.”
“We created man: and we know what his soul whispereth to him, and we are closer to him than his neck-vein.”
“But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you.”
“When any shall either impeach thee with false accusations, or hatefully reproach thee, or shall use any such carriage towards thee, get thee presently to their minds and understandings, and look in them, and behold what…”
Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads — dialogues on duty, action, and self.
“Who doeth all for Me; who findeth Me In all; adoreth always; loveth all Which I have made, and Me, for Love's sole end That man, Arjuna! unto Me doth wend.”
Krishna describes the person who achieves union with the divine.
“He who sees that One in this ocean of death, he who sees that One Life in this floating universe, who realizes that One who never changes, unto him belongs eternal peace; unto none else, unto none else.”
Swami Vivekananda, Jnâna Yoga, The Absolute and Its Manifestations, 1907 ↗
“Being of equal grace to comrades, friends, Chance-comers, strangers, lovers, enemies, Aliens and kinsmen; loving all alike, Evil or good.”
Krishna describes how a perfected yogi relates to all beings without distinction.
“Titikshâ, forbearance, bearing all miseries without murmuring, without complaining. When an injury comes, do not mind it.”
Tao Te Ching, attributed to Laozi — terse, paradoxical aphorisms on living with the grain of things.
“The sage does not accumulate (for himself). The more that he expends for others, the more does he possess of his own; the more that he gives to others, the more does he have himself.”
Laozi describes the paradoxical economy of the sage, in which generosity increases rather than depletes one's own resources.
“A superior man helps the distressed, but does not add to the wealth of the rich.”
“Bad men it guards, and doth their ill efface. (Its) admirable words can purchase honour; (its) admirable deeds can raise their performer above others. Even men who are not good are not abandoned by it.”
On the universal reach of the Tao — it does not withhold itself even from those who have done wrong.
“He whose evil deeds are covered by good deeds, brightens up this world, like the moon when freed from clouds.”
Dhammapada and selected sutras — terse, principle-rich verses on suffering, attachment, and right action.
“For hatred does not cease by hatred at any time: hatred ceases by love, this is an old rule.”
“love is ever rewarded, either with the reciproque, or with an inward and secret contempt.”
Francis Bacon, The Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral, Of Love, 1625 ↗
“From love comes grief, from love comes fear; he who is free from love knows neither grief nor fear.”
“It is the high function of love to welcome all limitations and to transcend them. For nothing is more independent than love, and where else, again, shall we find so much of dependence? In love, thraldom is as glorious as…”
Rabindranath Tagore, Sadhana: The Realisation of Life, V (preceding chapter VI), 1913 ↗
Analects of Confucius — sayings on conduct, governance, and moral cultivation.
“Can there be love which does not lead to strictness with its object? Can there be loyalty which does not lead to the instruction of its object?”
Confucius challenges a shallow understanding of love and loyalty, arguing that genuine care requires honest correction.
“"You who govern public affairs, what need have you to employ punishments? Love virtue, and the people will be virtuous. The virtues of a superior man are like the wind; the virtues of a common man are like the grass; the…”
“They are, in regard to the aged, to give them rest; in regard to friends, to show them sincerity; in regard to the young, to treat them tenderly.”
Confucius states his own deepest wishes when asked by disciples, summarizing his relational ideals.
“Let the honor of your friend be as dear to you as your own; And be not easily provoked to anger; And repent one day before your death.”
Pirkei Avot, 2:10, tr. Joshua Kulp, Mishnah Yomit (Sefaria, CC-BY) ↗
Greco-Roman school of practical philosophy on virtue, agency, and acceptance. Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Seneca.
“meekness is a thing unconquerable, if it be true and natural, and not affected or hypocritical. For how shall even the most fierce and malicious that thou shalt conceive, be able to hold on against thee, if thou shalt still continue meek and loving unto him?”
One of Marcus's nine counsels on anger: genuine gentleness disarms hostility in a way that force cannot.
“Nothing annihilates an inhibition as irresistibly as anger does it; for, as Moltke says of war, destruction pure and simple is its essence. This is what makes it so invaluable an ally of every other passion. The sweetest…”
“Him that offends, to teach with love and meekness, and to show him his error. But if thou canst not, then to blame thyself; or rather not thyself neither, if thy will and endeavours have not been wanting.”
“For his own good only shall the guided yield to guidance, and to his own loss only shall the erring err; and the heavy laden shall not be laden with another's load.”
Pirkei Avot (Ethics of the Fathers) — concise principles for living, distilled from the early rabbinic period.
“All love that depends on a something, [when the] thing ceases, [the] love ceases; and [all love] that does not depend on anything, will never cease.”
The mishna illustrates conditional vs. unconditional love with biblical examples: Amnon's lust for Tamar versus David and Jonathan's friendship.
“Nuptial love maketh mankind; friendly love perfecteth it; but wanton love corrupteth, and embaseth it.”
Francis Bacon, The Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral, Of Love, 1625 ↗
“be of the disciples of Aaron, loving peace and pursuing peace, loving mankind and drawing them close to the Torah.”
Hillel holds up Aaron the High Priest as a model of active peacemaking and universal love.
“Fear ye not, for I am with you both. I will hearken and I will behold.”
Central scripture of Islam. Ethical teachings, parables, and prophetic narratives.
“Who though longing for it themselves, bestowed their food on the poor and the orphan and the captive: 'We feed you for the sake of God: we seek from you neither recompense nor thanks.'”
A description of the righteous — those who give charitably despite their own need, expecting nothing in return.
“The magnanimous know very well that they who give time, or money, or shelter, to the stranger--so it be done for love, and not for ostentation--do, as it were, put God under obligation to them, so perfect are the compens…”
“We have not sent thee otherwise than as mercy unto all creatures.”
God describes the Prophet Muhammad's mission as universal mercy, not exclusive benefit.
“The Prophet cried with a loud voice, “Trust in God, yet tie the camel's leg.””
Montaigne and Bacon turning the essay into a way of thinking in public — sceptical, personal, unwilling to settle a question it has not tested.
“love is ever rewarded, either with the reciproque, or with an inward and secret contempt.”
“The magnanimous know very well that they who give time, or money, or shelter, to the stranger--so it be done for love, and not for ostentation--do, as it were, put God under obligation to them, so perfect are the compens…”
“Nuptial love maketh mankind; friendly love perfecteth it; but wanton love corrupteth, and embaseth it.”
“Let men take their choice, man and woman were made for each other, though not to become one being; and if they will not improve women, they will deprave them!”
Hume, Smith, Kant and Wollstonecraft asking what we owe each other once reason, rather than revelation, is asked to supply the answer.
“The sentiment of love is, in itself, agreeable to the person who feels it. It soothes and composes the breast, seems to favour the vital motions, and to promote the healthful state of the human constitution.”
“To understand anything is to find in it something which is our own, and it is the discovery of ourselves outside us which makes us glad. This relation of understanding is partial, but the relation of love is complete. In…”
Rabindranath Tagore, Sadhana: The Realisation of Life, II, 1913 ↗
“The merit of benevolence, arising from its utility, and its tendency to promote the good of mankind has been already explained, and is, no doubt, the source of a CONSIDERABLE part of that esteem, which is so universally paid to it. But it will also be allowed, that the very softness and tenderness of the sentiment, its…”
Hume argues that benevolence and love are valued not only for their usefulness but because the feelings themselves are intrinsically pleasing to all who witness them.
“veneration gives more real satisfaction; for it is connected with personal value, and the same is not directly true of love, which is subjective in its nature, whilst veneration is objective. To be sure, it is more usefu…”
Arthur Schopenhauer, Counsels and Maxims, Section 25, tr. T. Bailey Saunders, 1890 ↗
Emerson, Thoreau and Douglass in New England and beyond — self-reliance, conscience against the state, and the moral weight of a life lived deliberately.
“Thirty-nine lashes on my naked and bleeding back, would have been joyfully borne, in preference to this separation from these, the friends of my youth.”
Douglass reflects on the moment his companions were released from prison while he was kept behind — finding the loss of friendship more painful than any physical punishment.
“Free! The most piteous thing amid all the black ruin of war-time, amid the broken fortunes of the masters, the blighted hopes of mothers and maidens, and the fall of an empire,—the most piteous thing amid all this was th…”
W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, Of the Black Belt, 1903 ↗
“Who hears me, who understands me, becomes mine,--a possession for all time.”
“To understand anything is to find in it something which is our own, and it is the discovery of ourselves outside us which makes us glad. This relation of understanding is partial, but the relation of love is complete. In…”
Rabindranath Tagore, Sadhana: The Realisation of Life, II, 1913 ↗
Mill, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, each pressing on what an individual owes to the crowd, to suffering, and to their own honesty.
“Also in all loves and friendships one has the experience that nothing of the kind continues when the discovery has been made that in using the same words, one of the two parties has feelings, thoughts, intuitions, wishes, or fears different from those of the other.”
Nietzsche observes that shared language is not enough to sustain love or friendship — what must be shared are the inner experiences behind the words.
“To understand anything is to find in it something which is our own, and it is the discovery of ourselves outside us which makes us glad. This relation of understanding is partial, but the relation of love is complete. In…”
Rabindranath Tagore, Sadhana: The Realisation of Life, II, 1913 ↗
“True and genuine friendship presupposes a strong sympathy with the weal and woe of another--purely objective in its character and quite disinterested; and this in its turn means an absolute identification of self with the object of friendship. The egoism of human nature is so strongly antagonistic to any such sympathy,…”
Schopenhauer opens a discussion of friendship by defining what genuine friendship would require.
James, Du Bois, Vivekananda and Tagore — psychology, pragmatism and the first modern accounts of living inside more than one world at once.
“It is not that thou lovest thy son because thou desirest him, but thou lovest thy son because thou desirest thine own soul. The meaning of this is, that whomsoever we love, in him we find our own soul in the highest sense.”
Tagore quotes the Upanishads to argue that love for another is ultimately a recognition of the soul shared between self and other.
“In love all the contradictions of existence merge themselves and are lost. Only in love are unity and duality not at variance. Love must be one and two at the same time.”
The century in which the question was most often put to a wide audience by film. Each line belongs to a larger story, and is quoted with its character, film, and writing credits where available.
“The problems of three little people don't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world.”
Sending away the person he wants most, Rick measures a private happiness against what is happening in the world and finds it small.
Written by Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein and Howard Koch.
“You want the rest of your life to start as soon as possible.”
After years of avoiding the conclusion, Harry describes the particular impatience that tells you what you have decided.
Written by Nora Ephron.
“Isn't everything we do in life a way to be loved a little more?”
Céline admits, to a stranger she has one night with, that being loved matters to her more than she and everyone else pretend.
Written by Richard Linklater and Kim Krizan.
“Blessed are the forgetful, for they get the better even of their blunders.”
Offered as consolation in a film about erasing a relationship, and landing as an indictment. The line is Nietzsche's, from Beyond Good and Evil, which sits in the canon a century earlier.
Written by Charlie Kaufman.
“When life reaches out with a moment like this, it's a sin if you don't reach back.”
A father tells his son not to miss the difficult, improbable chance at love standing in front of him.
Written by David O. Russell.
“The heart's not like a box that gets filled up. It expands in size the more you love.”
Samantha answers Theodore's fear that love given elsewhere must diminish the love she has for him.
Written by Spike Jonze.
The same question, answered by people who are still working it out.
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